1. Arbabi M, Ziaei E, Amini B, Ghadimi H, Rashidi F, Shohanizad N, Moradi S, Beikmarzehei A, Hasanzadeh A, Parsaei A. Delirium risk factors in hospitalized patient: a comprehensive evaluation of underlying diseases and medications in different wards of a large Urban Hospital Center in Iran. BMC anesthesiology. 2022 May 16;22(1):147. [
DOI:10.1186/s12871-022-01690-w]
2. Zaubler TS, Murphy K, Rizzuto L, Santos R, Skotzko C, Giordano J, et al. Quality improvement and cost savings with multicomponent delirium interventions: replication of the Hospital Elder Life Program in a community hospital. Psychosomatics. 2013;54(3):219-26. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psym.2013.01.010]
3. Leslie DL, Inouye SK. The importance of delirium: economic and societal costs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2011;59:S241-3. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03671.x]
4. Salluh JI, Soares M, Teles JM, Ceraso D, Raimondi N, Nava VS, Blasquez P, Ugarte S, Ibanez-Guzman C, Centeno JV, Laca M. Delirium epidemiology in critical care (DECCA): an international study. Critical Care. 2010;14(6):1-7. [
DOI:10.1186/cc9333]
5. Reynish EL, Hapca SM, De Souza N, Cvoro V, Donnan PT, Guthrie B. Epidemiology and outcomes of people with dementia, delirium, and unspecified cognitive impairment in the general hospital: prospective cohort study of 10,014 admissions. BMC medicine. 2017;15(1):1-12. [
DOI:10.1186/s12916-017-0899-0]
6. Robinson TN, Raeburn CD, Tran ZV, Brenner LA, Moss M. Motor subtypes of postoperative delirium in older adults. Arch Surg. 2011;146(3):295-300. [
DOI:10.1001/archsurg.2011.14]
7. Haley MN, Casey P, Kane RY, Darzins P, Lawler K. Delirium management: Let's get physical? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australasian journal on ageing. 2019;38(4):231-41. [
DOI:10.1111/ajag.12636]
8. Abd Razak HRB, Yung WYA. Postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review. The Journal of arthroplasty. 2015;30(8):1414-7. [
DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2015.03.012]
9. Nandi S, Harvey WF, Saillant J, Kazakin A, Talmo C, Bono J. Pharmacologic risk factors for post-operative delirium in total joint arthroplasty patients: a case-control study. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2014;29(2):268-71. [
DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2013.06.004]
10. Rizk P, Morris W, Oladeji P, Huo M. Review of postoperative delirium in geriatric patients undergoing hip surgery. Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation. 2016;7(2):100-5. [
DOI:10.1177/2151458516641162]
11. Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, Inouye SK, Chen CH, Rosman LM, et al. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium following hip fracture repair: a systematic review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2015;30(9):900-10. [
DOI:10.1002/gps.4233]
12. Wang L-H, Xu D-J, Wei X-J, Chang H-T, Xu G-H. Electrolyte disorders and aging: risk factors for delirium in patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries. BMC psychiatry. 2016;16(1):1-7. [
DOI:10.1186/s12888-016-1130-0]
13. De Jong L, Van Rijckevorsel VA, Raats JW, Klem TM, Kuijper TM, Roukema GR. Delirium after hip hemiarthroplasty for proximal femoral fractures in elderly patients: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2019;14:427-35. [
DOI:10.2147/CIA.S189760]
14. Rahimi-Bashar F, Abolhasani G, Manouchehrian N, Jiryaee N, Vahedian-Azimi A, Sahebkar A. Incidence and risk factors of delirium in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort. BioMed research international. 2021;2021:1-9. [
DOI:10.1155/2021/6219678]
15. Foroughan M, Delbari A, Said SE, AkbariKamrani AA, Rashedi V, Zandi T. Risk factors and clinical aspects of delirium in elderly hospitalized patients in Iran. Aging clinical and experimental research. 2016;28(2):313-9. [
DOI:10.1007/s40520-015-0400-x]
16. Ahasic AM, Murphy TE, Araujo KL, Pisani MA. Obesity And Persistent Delirium: Is There An Association? C24 Sedation, Delirium, and Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Critical Care: American Thoracic Society; 2015. p. A4016-A.
17. Chung KS, Lee JK, Park JS, Choi CH. Risk factors of delirium in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2015;60(3):443-7. [
DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2015.01.021]
18. O'Mahony R, Murthy L, Akunne A, Young J. Synopsis of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guideline for prevention of delirium. Annals of internal medicine. 2011;154(11):746-51. [
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-154-11-201106070-00006]
19. Young J, Murthy L, Westby M, Akunne A, O'Mahony R. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of delirium: summary of NICE guidance. Bmj. 2010;341. [
DOI:10.1136/bmj.c3704]
20. Rice KL, Castex J. Strategies to improve delirium recognition in hospitalized older adults. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2013;44(2):55-6. [
DOI:10.3928/00220124-20130124-03]
21. Hogan D, Gage L, Bruto V, Burne D, Chan P, Wiens C. National guidelines for seniors' mental health: the assessment and treatment of delirium. Canadian Journal of Geriatrics. 2006;9(suppl 2):42-51.
22. Arbabi M, Zolfaghari M, Amirsardari A, Fahimfar N, Eybpoosh S. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the confusion assessment method for intensive care units. Nursing Practice Today. 2019; 6(3):123-132. [
DOI:10.18502/npt.v6i3.1255]
23. Tropea J, Slee J, Holmes A, Gorelik A, Brand CA. Use of antipsychotic medications for the management of delirium: an audit of current practice in the acute care setting. International psychogeriatrics. 2009;21(1):172. [
DOI:10.1017/S1041610208008028]
24. Aguirre E. Delirium and hospitalized older adults: a review of nonpharmacologic treatment. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2010;41(4):151-2. [
DOI:10.3928/00220124-20100326-09]
25. Rigney TS. Delirium in the hospitalized elder and recommendations for practice. Geriatric Nursing. 2006;27(3):151-7. [
DOI:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2006.03.014]
26. Krupa S, Friganović A, Oomen B, Benko S, Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska W. Nurses' knowledge about Delirium in the group of intensive care units patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(5):2758 [
DOI:10.3390/ijerph19052758]
27. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Annals of internal medicine. 1990;113(12):941-8. [
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941]
28. Thomason JW, Shintani A, Peterson JF, Pun BT, Jackson JC, Ely EW. Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients. Critical care (London, England). 2005;9(4):375-81. [
DOI:10.1186/cc3729]
29. Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Jama. 2001;286(21):2703-10. [
DOI:10.1001/jama.286.21.2703]
30. Gusmao-Flores D, Salluh JI, Chalhub RA, Quarantini LC. The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) and intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Critical care (London, England). 2012;16(4):115. [
DOI:10.1186/cc11407]
31. Scott P, McIlveney F, Mallice M. Implementation of a validated delirium assessment tool in critically ill adults. Intensive & critical care nursing. 2013;29(2):96-102. [
DOI:10.1016/j.iccn.2012.09.001]
32. Heidari A, Dianati M, Mousavi GA. prevalence of delirium, its related factors and short-term outcomes in icu wards of kashan shahid-beheshti and isfahan kashani hospitals during 2012-2013. KAUMS Journal. 2014;18(1):76-84. [Persian]
33. Zolfaghari M, Arbabi M, Pedram Razi S, Biat K, Bavi A. Effectiveness of a Multifactor Educational Intervention on Delirium Incidence and Length of Stay in Patients with Cardiac Surgery. Hayat. 2012;18(1):67-78. [Persian]
34. Xing J, Yuan Z, Jie Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Sun Y. Risk factors for delirium: are therapeutic interventions part of it?. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2019;15(1):1321-7. [
DOI:10.2147/NDT.S192836]
35. Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Araujo KL, Van Ness PH. Factors associated with persistent delirium after intensive care unit admission in an older medical patient population. Journal of critical care. 2010;25(3):540-e1. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.02.009]
36. Cole M, McCusker J, Dendukuri N, Han L. The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003;51(6):754-60. [
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51255.x]
37. Zhao Y, Yue J, Lei P, Lin T, Peng X, Xie D, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of delirium in older internal medicine patients: a prospective cohort study. BMC geriatrics. 2021;21(1):1-9. [
DOI:10.1186/s12877-021-02284-w]
38. Jones RN, Yang FM, Zhang Y, Kiely DK, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK. Does educational attainment contribute to risk for delirium? A potential role for cognitive reserve. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006;61(12):1307-11 [
DOI:10.1093/gerona/61.12.1307]
39. Mercadante S, Adile C, Ferrera P, Cortegiani A, Casuccio A. Delirium assessed by Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale in advanced cancer patients admitted to an acute palliative/supportive care unit. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2017;33(7):1303-8. [
DOI:10.1080/03007995.2017.1315332]
40. 40 Mitasova A, Kostalova M, Bednarik J. Poststroke delirium incidence and outcomes. Validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU).2012; 40(2):484-490. [
DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da12]
41. Shi Q, Presutti R, Selchen D, Saposnik G. Delirium in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2012;43(3):645-9 [
DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.643726]
42. Aldemir M, Özen S, Kara IH, Sir A, Baç B. Predisposing factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit. Critical care. 2001;5(5):1-6. [
DOI:10.1186/cc1044]
43. Ali MA, Hashmi M, Ahmed W, Raza SA, Khan MF, Salim B. Incidence and risk factors of delirium in surgical intensive care unit. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open. 2021;6(1):e000564. [
DOI:10.1136/tsaco-2020-000564]
44. Rahkonen T, Eloniemi‐Sulkava U, Halonen P, Verkkoniemi A, Niinistö L, Notkola IL, et al. Delirium in the non‐demented oldest old in the general population: risk factors and prognosis. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2001;16(4):415-21. [
DOI:10.1002/gps.356]
45. Yang J, Zhou Y, Kang Y, Xu B, Wang P, Lv Y, et al. Risk factors of delirium in sequentia sedation patients in intensive care units. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017:1-9. [
DOI:10.1155/2017/3539872]
46. Nordström G, Berglund M. Delirium tremens: a prospective long-term follow-up study. Journal of studies on alcohol. 1988;49(2):178-85. [
DOI:10.15288/jsa.1988.49.178]
47. Echigoya Y, Kato H. Causes of postoperative delirium after abdominal surgery in elderly patients. Masui The Japanese journal of anesthesiology. 2007;56(8):932-6.
48. Tognoni P, Simonato A, Robutti N, Pisani M, Cataldi A, Monacelli F, et al. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium (POD) after urological surgery in the elderly. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2011;52(3):166-9. [
DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2010.10.021]
49. Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: ISPOCD1 study. The Lancet. 1998;351(9106):857-61 [
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07382-0]